December's History

DECEMBER HISTORY:

1st December:
1913 – The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line.
1981 – The AIDS virus is officially recognized.

2nd December:
1409 – The University of Leipzig opens.
1983 – Michael Jackson's Thriller music video is released.

3rd December:
1818 – Illinois becomes the 21st U.S. state.
1979 – Shadow Traffic begins broadcasting in the New York City metropolitan area.
2005 – XCOR Aerospace makes first manned rocket aircraft delivery of US Mail in Mojave, California.

4th December:
1110 – First Crusade: The Crusaders conquer Sidon.
1909 – 1st Grey Cup game was played. The University of Toronto Varsity Blues defeat the Toronto Parkdale Canoe Club 26–6.

5th December:
1492 – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola, now Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
1746 – Revolt in Genoa against Spanish rule.

6th December:
1884 – The Washington Monument in Washington D.C. is completed.
1965 – Pakistan's Islamic Ideology Advisory Committee recommends that Islamic Studies be made a compulsory subject for Muslim students from primary to graduate level.

7th December:
1972 – Apollo 17, the last Apollo moon mission, is launched. The crew takes the photograph known as The Blue Marble as they leave the Earth.
1975 – Indonesia invades East Timor.

8th December:
1987 – The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is signed.
1993 – The North American Free Trade Agreement is signed into law by US President Bill Clinton.

9th December:
1425 – The Catholic University of Leuven is founded.
1872 – In Louisiana, P. B. S. Pinchback becomes the first serving African-American governor of a U.S. state.
1872 – In Louisiana, P. B. S. Pinchback becomes the first serving African-American governor of a U.S. state.

10th December:
1817 – Mississippi becomes the 20th U.S. state.
1901 – The first Nobel Prizes are awarded.
1955 – The Mighty Mouse Playhouse premieres on television.

11th December:
1816 – Indiana becomes the 19th U.S. state.
1997 – The Kyoto Protocol opens for signature.

12th December:
1963 – Kenya gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
1979 – Rhodesia changes its name to Zimbabwe-Rhodesia.

13th December:
1938 – The Holocaust: The Neuengamme concentration camp opens in the Bergedorf district of Hamburg, Germany.
1949 – The Knesset votes to move the capital of Israel to Jerusalem.

14th December:
1836 – The Toledo War unofficially ends.
1009 – Birthday of Emperor Go-Suzaku of Japan (d. 1045).

15th December:
1868 – Shogunate rebels found Ezo Republic in Hokkaidō.
1914 – A gas explosion at Mitsubishi Hojyo coal mine, Kyūshū, Japan, kills 687. This accident is the worst coal mine disaster in Japanese history.
1954 –Birthday of Mark Warner, American politician.

16th December:
1938 – Adolf Hitler institutes the Cross of Honor of the German Mother.
1971 – Independence Day of the State of Bahrain from British Protectorate Status.
1991 – Independence of The Republic of Kazakhstan.

17th December:
1935 – First flight of the Douglas DC-3 airplane.
1947 – First flight of the Boeing B-47 Stratojet strategic bomber.
1967 – Prime Minister of Australia Harold Holt disappears while swimming near Portsea, Victoria and was presumed drowned.

18th December:
1878 – Al-Thani Familiy became the rulers of the state of Qatar.
1915 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson marries Edith Bolling Galt Wilson.
1956 – Japan joins the United Nations.

19th December:
324 – Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
1835 – The first issue of The Blade newspaper is published in Toledo, Ohio.
1924 – The last Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost is sold in London, England.
2001 – Argentine economic crisis: December 2001 riots – Riots erupt in Buenos Aires.

20th December:
1835 – First signing of the Texas Declaration of Independence at Goliad, Texas.
1917 – Cheka, the first Soviet secret police, is founded.
1942 – World War II: Bombing of Calcutta by the Japanese.
1995 – NATO begins peacekeeping in Bosnia.

21st December:
1937 – Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first full-length animated film ever, premieres at the Carthay Circle Theater.
1962 – Rondane National Park is established as Norway's first national park.

22nd December:
1885 – Ito Hirobumi, a samurai, became the first Prime Minister of Japan.
1937 – The Lincoln Tunnel opens to traffic in New York City.
1989 – After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as president of Romania, ending Nicolae Ceauşescu's Communist dictatorship.

23rd December:
1893 – The opera Hänsel und Gretel by Engelbert Humperdinck is first performed.
1937 – First flight of the Vickers Wellington bomber.
1979 – Soviet war in Afghanistan: Soviet forces occupy Kabul, the Afghan capital.
2004 – Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean is hit by an 8.1 magnitude earthquake.

24th December:
1914 – World War I: The "Christmas truce" begins.
1946 – France's Fourth Republic is founded.
1979 – The first European Ariane rocket is launched.

25th December:
1599 – The city of Natal, Brazil is founded.
1620 – Elizabeth Báthory's crimes were uncovered.

26th December:
1805 – Austria and France sign the Treaty of Pressburg.
1933 – The Nissan Motor Company is organized in Tokyo, Japan.
1996 – Start of the largest strike in South Korean history.

27th December:
537 – The Hagia Sophia is completed.
1836 – The worst ever avalanche in England occurs at Lewes, Sussex, killing 8 people.

28th Decmeber:
1308 – The reign of Emperor Hanazono, emperor of Japan, begins.
1832 – John C. Calhoun becomes the first Vice President of the United States to resign.
1950 – The Peak District becomes the United Kingdom's first National Park.

29th December:
1845 – Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state.
1930 – Sir Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address in Allahabad introduces the Two-Nation Theory and outlines a vision for the creation of Pakistan.
1939 – First flight of the Consolidated B-24.

30th December:
1906 – The All India Muslim League is founded in Dacca, East Bengal, British India Empire, which later laid down the foundations of Pakistan.
1919 – Lincoln's Inn in London admits its first female bar student.

31st December:
406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gaul.
1599 – The British East India Company is chartered.
1831 – Gramercy Park is deeded to New York City.
1923 – The chimes of Big Ben are broadcast on radio for the first time by the BBC.
1944 – World War II: Hungary declares war on Nazi Germany.
1983 – The AT&T Bell System is broken up by the United States Government.
2007 – The massive Big Dig construction project in Boston, Massachusetts ends.

2012 (The Phenomena)

A date inscription for the Mayan Long Count

The 2012 phenomenon comprises a range of eschatological beliefs and proposals, which posit that cataclysmic or transformative events will occur on or around December 21 in the year 2012,which is said to be the end-date of a 5,125-year-long Mayan Long Count calendar. These beliefs may derive in part from archaeoastronomical speculation,alternative interpretations of mythology, numerological constructions, or alleged prophecies from extraterrestrial beings.

A New Age interpretation of this transition posits that, during this time, the planet and its inhabitants may undergo a positive physical or spiritual transformation, and that 2012 may mark the beginning of a new era. Conversely, some believe that the 2012 date marks the beginning of an apocalypse. Both ideas have been disseminated in numerous books and TV documentaries, and have spread around the world through websites and discussion groups.

Scholars of various stripes have disputed the idea that a catastrophe will happen in 2012, suggesting that predictions of impending doom are found neither in classic Maya accounts nor in contemporary science. Mainstream Mayanist scholars argue that the idea that the Long Count calendar "ends" in 2012 misrepresents Maya history.To the modern Maya, 2012 is largely irrelevant, and classic Maya sources on the subject are scarce and contradictory, suggesting that there was little if any universal agreement among them about what, if anything, the date might mean.
Meanwhile, astronomers and other natural scientists have rejected the apocalyptic forecasts, on the grounds that the anticipated events are precluded by astronomical observations, or are unsubstantiated by the predictions that have been generated from these findings.
NASA likens fears about 2012 to those about the Y2K bug in the late 1990s, suggesting that an adequate analysis should stem fears of disaster.

Galactic alignment

In the mid-1990s, John Major Jenkins asserted that the ancient Maya had planned an intentional correspondence of a December 21 date with the winter solstice in 2012. This date was in line with an idea he terms the galactic alignment.

In the solar system, the planets and the Sun share roughly the same plane of orbit, known as the plane of the ecliptic. From our perspective on Earth, the Zodiacal constellations move along or near the ecliptic, and over time, appear to recede counterclockwise by one degree every 72 years. This movement is attributed to a slight wobble in the Earth's axis as it spins.As a result, approximately every 2160 years, the constellation visible on the early morning of the spring equinox changes. In Western astrological traditions, this signals the end of one astrological age (currently the Age of Pisces) and the beginning of another (Age of Aquarius). Over the course of 26,000 years, the precession of the equinoxes makes one full circuit around the ecliptic.

Just as the spring equinox in the northern hemisphere is currently in the constellation of Pisces, so the winter solstice is currently in the constellation of Sagittarius, which happens to be the constellation intersected by the galactic equator.Every year for the last 1000 years or so, on the winter solstice, the Earth, Sun and the galactic equator come into alignment, and every year, precession pushes the Sun's position a little way further through the Milky Way's band.

Jenkins suggests that the Maya based their calendar on observations of the Great Rift, a band of dark dust clouds in the Milky Way, which the Maya called the Xibalba be or "Black Road.Jenkins claims that the Maya were aware of where the ecliptic intersected the Black Road and gave this position in the sky a special significance in their cosmology.According to the hypothesis, the Sun precisely aligns with this intersection point at the winter solstice of 2012.



The Milky Way near Cygnus showing the lane of the Dark Rift, which the Maya called the Xibalba be or "Black Road"


Jenkins claimed that the classical Mayans anticipated this conjunction and celebrated it as the harbinger of a profound spiritual transition for mankind.New Age proponents of the galactic alignment hypothesis argue that, just as astrology uses the positions of stars and planets to make claims of future events, the Mayans plotted their calendars with the objective of preparing for significant world events.enkins attributes the insights of ancient Maya shamans about the galactic center to their use of psilocybin mushrooms, psychoactive toads, and other psychedelics.Jenkins also associates the Xibalba be with a "world tree", drawing on studies of contemporary (not ancient) Maya cosmology.

The alignment in question is not exclusive to 2012 but takes place over a 36-year period, corresponding to the diameter of the Sun, with the most precise convergence having already occurred in 1998.Also, Jenkins himself notes that there is no concrete evidence that the Maya were aware of precession.While some Mayan scholars, such as Barbara MacLeod, have suggested that some Mayan holy dates were timed to precessional cycles, scholarly opinion on the subject is divided.There is also little evidence, archaeological or historical, that the Maya placed any importance on solstices or equinoxes.

The alignment of Black hole:

An apocalyptic reading of Jenkins's hypothesis has that, when the galactic alignment occurs, it will somehow create a combined gravitational effect between the Sun and the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy (known as Sgr A*), creating havoc on Earth.Apart from the fact noted above that the "galactic alignment" predicted by Jenkins already happened in 1998, the Sun's apparent path through the zodiac as seen from Earth does not take it near the true galactic center, but rather several degrees above it.Even if this were not the case, Sgr A* is 30,000 light years from Earth, and would have to be more than 6 million times closer to cause any gravitational disruption to our Solar System.
Some versions of this idea associate the theory of a 2012 "galactic alignment" with that of a very different "galactic alignment" proposed by some scientists to explain a supposed periodicity in mass extinctions in the fossil record.The hypothesis supposes that vertical oscillations made by the Sun as it orbits the galactic center cause it to regularly pass through the galactic plane. When the Sun's orbit takes it outside the galactic disc, the influence of the galactic tide is weaker; as it re-enters the galactic disc, as it does every 20–25 million years, it comes under the influence of the far stronger "disc tides", which, according to mathematical models, increase the flux of Oort cloud comets into the Solar System by a factor of 4, leading to a massive increase in the likelihood of a devastating comet impact.However, this "alignment" takes place over tens of millions of years, and could never be timed to an exact date.Evidence shows that the Sun passed through the galactic disc only three million years ago, and is now moving farther above it.

2012 (About the Film):

A movie called 2012, directed by Roland Emmerich and starring the actors John Cusack, Danny Glover, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Amanda Peet, Thandie Newton, Oliver Platt and Woody Harrelson was released on November 13, 2009. On November 12, 2008, the studio released the first teaser trailer for 2012 that showed a megatsunami surging over the Himalayas and interlaced a purportedly scientific message suggesting that the world would end in 2012, and that the world's governments were not preparing its population for the event. The trailer ended with a message to viewers to "find out the truth" by searching "2012" on search engines. The Guardian criticized the marketing effectiveness as "deeply flawed" and associated it with "websites that make even more spurious claims about 2012".

The studio also launched a viral marketing website operated by the fictional Institute for Human Continuity, where filmgoers could register for a lottery number to be part of a small population that would be rescued from the global destruction.The fictitious website lists the Nibiru collision, a galactic alignment, and increased solar activity among its possible doomsday scenarios. David Morrison of NASA has received over 1000 inquiries from people who thought the website was genuine and has condemned it, saying "I've even had cases of teenagers writing to me saying they are contemplating suicide because they don't want to see the world end. I think when you lie on the Internet and scare children in order to make a buck, that is ethically wrong."